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This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to
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This is a list
of poisonings,
both deliberate and accidental, in chronological order by the date
of death of the victim(s). It also includes mass poisonings,
confirmed attempted poisonings, and fictional poisonings, as well as
a list of poisoners who are known or suspected to have poisoned
multiple people. Many of the people listed here committed or
attempted to commit suicide by
poison.
Non-fiction[edit]
Fatal poisonings[edit]
- Socrates (d.
399 BC), Greek philosopher; according to Plato,
he was sentenced to kill himself by drinking poison
hemlock
- Artaxerxes
III (d. 338 BC), Persian king; possibly
poisoned by his vizier Bagoas
- Artaxerxes
IV (d. 336 BC), Persian king; poisoned by
his vizier Bagoas
- Bagoas (d.
336 BC), Persian vizier and king-maker; poisoned by Darius
III
- Demosthenes (d.
322 BC), Athenian politician
- Durdhara (d.
320 BC), Chandragupta
Maurya's queen; accidentally poisoned when she ate poisoned
food meant for the emperor, who was immune
- Aratus
of Sicyon (d. 213 BC), leader of Sicyon and
the Achaean
League
- Antipater
the Idumaean (d. 43 BC), father of Herod
the Great
- Julius
Caesar Drusus (d. 23), son of Tiberius
- Emperor
Hui of Jin China (d. 304)
- Ali
ibn Abi Talib (d. 661), fourth caliph of
the Rashidun
Caliphate and first of the Twelve
Imams of Shia Islam
- Umar
ibn Abd al-Aziz (d. 720), eighth caliph of
the Umayyad
Caliphate
- Muhammad
al-Baqir (d. 733), fifth Imam of Twelver Shia
Islam; supposedly died after being given a poisoned saddle
- Mūsá
al-Kāẓim (d. 799), seventh Imam of Twelver Shia
Islam
- Muhammad
al-Jawad (d. 835), ninth Imam of Twelver Shia
Islam; supposedly poisoned by his wife on orders from the new
caliph
- Romanus
II (d. 963), Byzantine
emperor of the Macedonian
dynasty
- Alan
III, Duke of Brittany (d. 1040)
- Constantine
II of Armenia (d. 1129)
- Alphonse
I, Count
of Toulouse (d. 1148)
- Baldwin
III of Jerusalem (d. 1162)
- Blanche
of Bourbon (d. 1361), first wife of King Pedro
of Castile
- Louis,
Count of Gravina (d. 1362)
- Robert,
Count of Eu (d. 1387)
- Ladislaus,
King of Naples (d. 1414)
- Dmitry
Shemyaka (d. 1453), Grand Duke of Moscow;
poisoned with arsenic by Vasily
Tyomniy's agents in Great
Novgorod
- Giovanni
Pico della Mirandola (d. 1494)
- Margaret
Drummond (d. 1502), mistress of King James
IV of Scotland
- Timoji (d.
1512), Hindu privateer and Portuguese ally
- Juan
Ponce de León (d. 1521), Spanish conquistador;
died after being wounded by a poisoned arrow
- Mikhail
Skopin-Shuisky (d. 1610), Russian general
and statesman
- Yamada
Nagamasa (d. 1630), Japanese adventurer
- Charles
VI, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1740), ate
poisonous mushrooms
- Johann
Schobert (d. 1767), German composer; ate
poisonous mushrooms believing them to be edible
- Bradford
sweets poisoning (1858); 21 people died
and more than 200 others became ill when confections accidentally
made with arsenic
trioxide were sold from a market stall in Bradford,
England
- Olive
Thomas (d. 1920), American silent film
actress; accidentally ingested a large dose of mercury(II)
chloride
- Madge
Oberholtzer (d. 1925), rape victim of Ku
Klux Klan leader D.C.
Stephenson; died after attempting to commit suicide with
mercury(II) chloride
- Nestor
Lakoba (d. 1936), Abkhaz Communist
leader; poisoned by NKVD chief Lavrenti
Beria
- Abram
Slutsky (d.1938), head of Soviet spy
service; poisoned with hydrogen
cyanide by NKVD
- Nikolai
Koltsov (d. 1940), Russian biologist;
poisoned by NKVD secret
police
- Erwin
Rommel (d. 1944), German general; opted to
commit suicide with cyanide after facing trial for his involvement
in the 20
July plot
- Eva
Hitler (née Braun) (d. 1945), wife of Adolf
Hitler; committed suicide by cyanide capsule at Hitler's
side
- The six Goebbels
children (d. 1945); poisoned by their
parents Magda and Joseph
Goebbels, who then killed themselves by poison and gunshots
shortly afterwards
- Heinrich
Himmler (d. 1945), leader of the Nazi Schutzstaffel (SS);
suicide by cyanide capsule after being captured
- Odilo
Globocnik (d. 1945)
- Hermann
Göring (d. 1946), leader of the Nazi Luftwaffe;
suicide by cyanide capsule, long after being captured and only
hours before his sentenced hanging was
to take place
- Theodore
Romzha (d. 1947), bishop of
the Ruthenian
Greek Catholic Church; poisoned by NKVD agents, who injected
him with curare on
orders from Nikita
Khrushchev
- Alan
Turing (d. 1954), British mathematician;
apparently committed suicide by injecting an apple with cyanide and
taking a bite, though it has also been speculated that the
poisoning was accidental
- Stepan
Bandera (d. 1959); poisoned by a cyanide
capsule shot from a gun by KGB agents
- 1971
Iraq poison grain disaster; at least 650 people died after
eating methylmercury-treated
grain intended for seeding
- Bandō
Mitsugorō VIII (d. 1975), Japanese kabuki actor;
ate four livers of fugu fish
- Jayanta
Hazarika (d. 1977), Assamese singer
and musician
- Georgi
Markov (d. 1978), Bulgarian dissident;
assassinated in London with ricin
- Peoples
Temple members (1978); over 900 died by
cyanide-laced punch at Jonestown
- Love
Canal (up to 1978); buried toxic waste was
covered and used as a building site for housing and a school in Niagara
Falls, New York, resulting in claims of chronic poisoning
that led to a massive environmental cleanup
- Bhopal
disaster (1984); accidental release of
poisonous gas from a pesticide plant in India that
killed over 10,000 people and injured many more
- Matsumoto
incident (1994); Sarin gas
attack carried out by members of the Aum
Shinrikyo group killed 7 people and
injured approximately 200
- Sarin
gas attack on the Tokyo subway (1995);
attack carried out by members of the Aum Shinrikyo group killed 12
and injured 1,034
- Marshall
Applewhite (d. 1997)
- Moscow
theater hostage crisis (2002); to end the
crisis, the Federal Security Service (FSB) pumped an undisclosed
chemical agent into the building's ventilation system, killing 40
militants and 133 hostages
- Ibn
al-Khattab (d. 2002), Sunni jihadi fighter;
died from a poisoned letter sent by Russian FSB agency
- Roman
Tsepov (d. 2004), Russian businessman;
poisoned by unspecified radioactive material
- Alexander
Litvinenko (d. 2006), Russian ex-spy and
investigator; died three weeks after being poisoned by radioactive polonium-210
- Zamfara
State lead poisoning epidemic (2010); at
least 163 people died in Zamfara
State, Nigeria
- Murder
of Garnett Spears (2014), a boy in New
York whose mother suffered from Munchausen
syndrome by proxy, eventually leading her to give her son a
fatal amount of table
salt
- Slobodan
Praljak (d. 2017), former Bosnian Croat
retired general in the Croatian Army and the Croatian Defence
Council; upon hearing of the guilty verdict upheld in his trial
for war crimes, he drank poison in the courtroom and died a few
hours later
Non-fatal poisonings[edit]
- Grigori
Rasputin, Russian mystic; survived being poisoned with potassium
cyanide, as well as being shot, bludgeoned, and being thrown
into a frozen river before he finally died by drowning
- Clare
Boothe Luce, fell ill from arsenic poisoning
in 1956 but did not die
- Nikolay
Khokhlov, poisoned by radioactive thallium in
Germany in 1957 for refusing to work as a KGB assassin
- Alexander
Dubček, Slovak politician; survived an attempt to poison him
with strontium-90 in
1968
- Hafizullah
Amin, second President of Afghanistan;
survived a poisoning by a Soviet agent in 1979
- Zhu
Ling, Chinese university
student poisoned with thallium in
1995
- Khaled
Mashal, leader of Palestinian fundamentalist organization Hamas;
survived being poisoned by Israeli assassins in 1997 after two of
the assassins were captured and an antidote was
supplied by Israel in exchange for their release
- Anna
Politkovskaya, Russian journalist; poisoned during a flight
to Beslan in
2004
- Viktor
Yushchenko, Ukrainian politician; poisoned with dioxin during
the 2004
Ukrainian electoral campaign
- Viktor
Kalashnikov, Russian ex-KGB colonel; both he and his wife
survived being poisoned with mercury in
2010
Alleged poisonings[edit]
- Alexander
the Great (d. 323 BC)
- Mithridates
VI of Pontus (d. 63 BC), king of Pontus and Armenia
Minor
- Ptolemy
XIV of Egypt (d. 44 BC); if so, by his
sister Cleopatra
- Augustus (d.
14), Roman Emperor, with poisoned figs by his wife Livia
- Germanicus (d.
19), Roman general
- Claudius (d.
54), Roman Emperor, by his wife Agrippina
the Younger
- Boudica (d.
60 or 61), Queen of the Iceni tribe and leader of the rebellion
against Roman rule in Britain; committed suicide by poison
according to Tacitus,
though Dio
Cassius claimed natural illness
- Constance
of Normandy (d. 1090), daughter of King William
I of England
- King
John of England (d. 1216); with peaches
- Pope
Benedict XI (d. 1304)
- Stefan
Dusan (d. 1355), Serbian king
- Barbara
Radziwiłł (d. 1551), Queen of Poland
- King
Eric XIV of Sweden (d. 1577); according to
folklore, he was killed from poisoning by arsenic hidden in pea
soup
- Tycho
Brahe (d. 1601), Danish astronomer
- Jamestown
colonists (1607–1610); standard historical
accounts suggest many early colonists died of starvation, but the
possibility of arsenic poisoning by rat poison (or of death by bubonic
plague) has also been reported[1]
- Robert
Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury (d. 1612)
- Victor
Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy (d. 1637)
- Wolfgang
Amadeus Mozart (d. 1791), Austrian
composer; with antimony
- Napoleon
Bonaparte (d. 1821); some claim he was
killed with arsenic by someone on his staff, though the evidence
is inconclusive
- Pope
Pius VIII (d. 1830)
- Zachary
Taylor (d. 1850), 12th President of the
United States; theorized by author Clara Rising that his milk was
poisoned during an Independence Day celebration
- John
Gallagher Montgomery (d. 1857), U.S.
Congressman from Pennsylvania
- Charles
Darwin (d. 1882), English naturalist;
possibly died due to self-medication with Fowler's
solution, one-percent potassium
arsenite
- Hanoi
Poison Plot (1908), a group of local
Vietnamese tried to poison the entire French colonial army's
garrison in the Citadel of Hanoi
- Huo
Yuanjia (d. 1910), wushu master and
Chinese national hero; arsenic
- Emperor
Gojong of Korea (d. 1919); allegedly
poisoned by the Japanese
- Maxim
Gorky (d. 1936), Russian writer; NKVD chief Genrikh
Yagoda admitted at the Trial
of the Twenty One that he ordered to
poison Gorky and his son
- Robert
Johnson (d. 1938), American musician
- Raoul
Wallenberg (d. c. 1947), Swedish
humanitarian who saved tens of thousands of Jews during World
War II; reportedly poisoned in Lubyanka
prison by Grigory
Mairanovsky
- Joseph
Stalin (d. 1953); officially cerebral
hemorrhage, but according to Vyacheslav
Molotov's memoirs and historians Radzinsky and Antonov-Ovseenko,
Stalin was poisoned on Lavrenty
Beria's orders
- Vasili
Blokhin (d. 1955), former executioner of NKVD
- Lal
Bahadur Shastri (d. 1966), second Prime
Minister of India
- João
Goulart (d. 1976), former Brazilian
president ousted by 1964 coup d'état
- Carlos
Lacerda (d. 1977), Brazilian journalist
and presidential nominee
- Pope
John Paul I (d. 1978)
- Gulf
War syndrome, a chronic multi-symptom disorder afflicting
more than 250,000 returning veterans and civilian workers of the Gulf
War of 1990–1991; while the etiology of
the condition continues to be debated, various manmade poisons
have been suggested as possible causes
- Yuri
Shchekochikhin (d. 2003), Russian
investigative journalist; died presumably from poisoning by
radioactive thallium
- Yasser
Arafat (d. 2004); reputedly died from
liver cirrhosis,
which may be a consequence of chronic alcohol use
or poisoning. Some Arafat supporters feel it is unlikely that
Arafat habitually used alcohol (forbidden by Islam),
and so suspect poisoning. However, it is also important to note
that cirrhosis is not necessarily caused by alcohol use, or indeed
any poison at all.
- Ardeshir
Hosseinpour (d. 2007), Iranian nuclear
scientist; possibly assassinated by Mossad with
"radioactive poisoning" or "gas poisoning"[2][3][4]
Poisoners[edit]
- Locusta,
professional poisoner hired by Roman emperor Nero and
his mother Agrippina
the Younger for several murders
- Lucrezia
Borgia (d. 1519), alleged by rivals of the
Borgia family to be a poisoner, using a hollow ring to poison
drinks with white arsenic
- Edward
Squire (d. 1598), English scrivener and
sailor executed for conspiring to poison Queen Elizabeth
I and Robert
Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex
- George
Chapman, hanged after murdering three common-law wives
- Mary
Ann Cotton, 19th-century woman who poisoned family members
for financial gain
- Maria
Swanenburg, Dutch serial killer who murdered at least 27 and
was suspected of killing more than 90 people
- Thomas
Neill Cream (d. 1892), British serial
killer
- Vera
Renczi, Romanian serial killer who used arsenic to kill two
husbands, a son, and 32 suitors
- Nannie
Doss, black widow
- Anna
Marie Hahn (d. 1938), American serial
killer
- Dr. John
Bodkin Adams, British doctor acquitted in 1957 but suspected
of killing 163 patients via morphia and barbiturates.[5]
- Genene
Jones, homicidal nurse
- Grigory
Mairanovsky, received Soviet PhD degree for testing poisons
on political
prisoners
- Stella
Nickell, used cyanide-laced Excedrin to kill her husband and
another woman in suburban Seattle in 1986
- Charles
Sobhraj, serial killer who preyed on Western tourists
throughout Southeast Asia during the 1970s
- Michael
Swango, American physician and surgeon who fatally poisoned
at least thirty of his patients and colleagues
- Graham
Frederick Young (d. 1990), British serial
killer
- Members of the Aum
Shinrikyo religious group in Japan in the
1990s often used poisons for murder, including chemical weapons
such as VX and Sarin
- Daisuke
Mori, Japanese nurse convicted of one murder and four
attempted murders by muscle
relaxant
- Harold
Shipman (d. 2004), English general
practitioner and one of the most prolific known serial killers in
modern history
- Richard
Kuklinski (d. 2006), American contract
killer who was associated with the Gambino
crime family
Fiction[edit]
As poisoning is
a long-established plot device in crime
fiction, this is not intended to be an exhaustive list.
Crime fiction[edit]
- Anthony
Berkeley: The
Poisoned Chocolates Case
- Ann
Granger: Say
It With Poison
- Francis
Iles: Before
the Fact (filmed as Suspicion), Malice
Aforethought
- Agatha
Christie: Three
Act Tragedy, Sad
Cypress, A
Pocket Full of Rye, Crooked
House, And
Then There Were None
- John
Dickson Carr: The
Burning Court, The Black
Spectacles (U.S. title: The
Problem of the Green Capsule)
- Raymond
Postgate: Verdict
of Twelve
- Freeman
Wills Crofts: The
12.30 from Croydon
- Sir
Arthur Conan Doyle: A
Study in Scarlet, The Adventure
of the Devil's Foot
- Dashiell
Hammett: Fly Paper
- Dorothy
Sayers: The
Unpleasantness at the Bellona Club, Strong
Poison
- Gosho
Aoyama: Case Closed/Detective Conan
- Rex
Stout: Fer-de-Lance, The
Red Box, Black Orchids
- Cornell
Woolrich: Waltz
into Darkness (filmed as Mississippi
Mermaid and Original
Sin)
Other fiction[edit]
Television[edit]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- Jump
up^ Public
Broadcasting Service, Secrets
of the Dead, 2011. Accessed 4/25/2012
- Jump
up^ http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3360556,00.html
- Jump
up^ http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/821634.html
- Jump
up^ http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1170359775445&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull[permanent
dead link]
- Jump
up^ Cullen,
Pamela V., "A Stranger in Blood: The Case Files on Dr John
Bodkin Adams", London, Elliott & Thompson, 2006, ISBN 1-904027-19-9
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